---------English Essay 格式与Report 格式比较---------
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欧美国家英语Assignment写作指导：Essay和Report的格式对比
英文assignment 英语Report 写作 格式要求 英国论文 论文写作指导
一般欧美国家作业（Assignment）通常分为两种形式：一种是文章（Essay）, 一种是报告（Report）格式。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。通常学校发的论文写作规定会对一篇Assignment写成事Essay还是Report格式会作出明确要求。所以在阅读题目要求的时候，务必尽量仔细，否则会因为格式扣分。
两种格式的相同之处：
1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调节，会造成不必要的麻烦。
2、段落之间空一行，每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。
下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。
两种格式的不同之处：
一、Essay:
Essay的写作相对Report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，绪论（Introduction）,主体（Main Body），结论（Conclusion）。绪论（Introduction）包括选题（topic）的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题，通常占总字数的10%左右。主体（Main Body）占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。结论（Conclusion）也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。
二、Report：
它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。
1、标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要，这两个部分一般是单独占一页。
2、主体部分：Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。
如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出 规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。
下面来说reference
Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。
1、 不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写；
2、 每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求；
3、 References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后；
4、 H引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，只是不需要标注页码；
总之referencesq绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。国外对这个问题查得很严。一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况，客户就要被开除学籍，而我们就要赔款。弄得顷家荡产哦。
另外还有一些更细节的要求，我附在下面，请仔细阅读。
写作注意事项：
1、文章里禁止用缩写，例如：can’t, don’t, didn’t, wouldn’t 应该写成cannot，do not，did not， would not。
2、每段之间空一行，首句不空格
3、避免用口语词汇和表达方法，例如：a little bit，well…I will talk about….
4、避免使用太过生僻的赐予，但用词要专业
5、不要从句套从句，句子如果过长，就改成短句，这样意思表达更清楚
6、文章的INTRODUCTION要阐明自己的观点和立场，也就是你的THESIS STATEMENT，尽量不要在文章或段落的开头使用问句。
7、专业知识和词汇使用要正确
8、文章字数控制在规定字数内，不得多于或少于150
9、举例非常重要，但是要符合论点
10、按照文章要求写，没有要求Abstract或者标题的就不用写。
11、行距1.5倍，Basic Font：Times New Roman 12pt
12、文章里禁止使用第一人称或第二人称，保持论证的客观性
Reference的重要性：
国外对于版权和他人的知识版权的保护非常重视，如果非法摘抄他人的作品肯能会引起法律责任。
公司会有一个扫描文章系统，收到的文章都要上传到公司的网上然后由工作人员统一进行扫描。扫描系统非常庞大，它连接了各个国家的主要电子图书馆，所以一般你能抄到的东西，他都可以扫描出来，如果扫描结果显示你抄袭的文章字数超过你文章总数的10％，责证明你整篇文章都是抄袭的。比如你文章字数是1000字，那么如果扫描由101字是抄的，则证明你整篇文章都是抄的。
什么是抄袭？
引用和摘抄他人的idea，文章（就算一句话），没有做references的或者格式错误的reference都算抄袭！
Reference个种类
我们要做的reference有2种，一种是in-text reference 也就是在文章里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference list。写一篇论文，2种reference都要出现，也就是说做完in-text reference，还要做最后的reference list。
ction
The times we are living now features innovation and originality. Engineering is a
profession that links various inventions to common people. Needless to say, with its vital
role in the society this profession demands its practitioners to be technically, and even
scientifically, competent, as engineers are developing new products, producing them and/or
serving their clients with their expertise. However, technical expertise alone does not
make a good engineer, and the professional morality and responsibility of engineers, which
has long been neglected in university education, is also an indispensable component. Didier
(1999) approaches to the issue of engineering ethics from a historical perspective,
comparing the ethical professional engineering practices in the United States, Germany and
France, and mentions the absence of ethical education in engineering curricula. Johnston et
al (2000), on the other hand, touch upon “the social impact and international and global
nature of engineering practice and outline the necessary educational changes to meet the
social and ethical challenges of this profession. This paper briefly ticks off some
fundamental knowledge of engineering ethics, and tries to discuss some academic practices
in university engineering education that are conducive to or hindering the development of
engineering ethics.
Engineering Ethics
According to Davison and Kock (2004), “professional Ethics concerns one's conduct of
behavior and practice when carrying out professional work.” There are a great many
professional bodies throughout the world that put forward important institutionalized
“codes of conduct and codes of practice” for their members to follow. In many counties,
medical ethics, legal ethics and business ethics are repeatedly discussed by the public and
even regarded compulsory to the practitioners. Engineering ethics has also been becoming an
increasing concern over the past decades, during which the world witnessed some momentous
events like stratospheric ozone depletion, cloning technology, the Challenger disaster and
so on, which are closely related to the issue of engineering ethics. Professional bodies of
engineering like the US professional engineering associations, the German Association of
Engineers and the Institution of Engineers, Australia, are getting more active. Engineering
codes of ethics vary by different cultures and might still remain controversial.
Nevertheless some codes are believed to be universal. For the sake of their professional
integrity, honor and dignity, an engineer is expected to use their knowledge and skills to
enhance human welfare; be honest, loyal and impartial serving the public, their employers
and clients; improve their professional competence and prestige; and work under the
guidance of their professional societies. An example could be where an engineer, who knows
the performance and using precautions of certain products perfectly well, does his best to
overvalue the performance of some goods but hesitates to provide the precautions before
potential customers so as to get them into buying the products. What they bear in mind is
only their corporate interest and their personal benefits, as is against their professional
integrity and impartiality. Examples like this one that concerns knowledge sharing are
numerous. In a journal editorial, Elliot (2004) addresses the issue of knowledge and
information sharing and enumerates a great many cases in corporate setting that make “the
difference between a healthy company and a company that will have to lay off people or
closes its door altogether - which could end up being decidedly grave for individuals,
families and the community.”
Ethics in University Education
The challenges of engineering ethics in the professional work these days that engineering
ethics is becoming a new discipline that holds its place in university education. There is
growing expectation by specialists (Chubin et al 2005, Davison and Kock 2004) and the
public at large to enhance professional ethics education in universities by incorporate it
into improved academic curriculum. Symposia, workshops and seminars could be arranged to
promote professional engineering ethics. They believe professional morality and
responsibility should be introduced early to engineering majors. It is also a professional
must for engineering graduates to familiarize themselves with engineering code of ethics
prior to being practitioners. However, knowledge of right and wrong is at most half of the
battle. A good engineering professional also needs other qualities like self-discipline,
conscientiousness, integrity and professional dignity, which can hardly be acquired by
simple indoctrinization or sheer brainwashing. Johnston et al (2000) advocates practice-
focused ethics in engineering education for that the professional ethics being accepted
well, it could be made an indispensable part of their academic practice. In universities,
engineering majors, undergraduates or postgraduates, are doing experiments, conducting
researches, handling projects and writing papers to conclude their practical work. By
handling these practical tasks, they learn to establish their professionalism by applying
their knowledge to practice and developing some practical skills. Meanwhile they are also
learning to adopt their way of thinking, their mindset and their attitude as a real
professional. In other words, they are also establishing their professionalism by
developing those indispensable professional qualities like self-discipline,
conscientiousness, integrity and professional dignity in practices they are most likely to
continue after their graduation. With these qualities being part of their professional
habit and value, they are bound to be upheld and advanced by those engineering graduates in
their professional career. Among the above mentioned academic virtues, thereis one point
that is most often than not time and again repeated here and there, and could never be
overvalued. That is academic honesty. Academic honesty is relevant to professional code of
ethics in that it practices integrity which is valued by employers and a professional must
demonstrate while working. Academic honesty and integrity is important also in that
practicing academic dishonesty means overcoming academic dishonesty. Academic misconducts
such as plagiarism, collaboration and multiple-submission are rather common and induced by
many factors: lagging behind in coursework, working too many hours, meeting emotional and
healthy issues and so on. Thus, a university student is always tempted to misconduct
academically. Their success in adhering to their honesty and integrity by dealing with
pressure, balancing work and study, putting emotional matter reasonably will help them
adopt correct attitude and develop useful skills that are also needed in their future work.
Plagiarism, using other people’s words or ideas or research findings with proper citation,
is among the most common academic misconducts. Proper citation and referencing mean
acknowledging other people for their innovation and originality, which are particularly
valued in this knowledge-based era.
Conclusion
Universities are places where the students are trained to be real professionals like
engineers. The future engineers are expected to be made ethically qualified and
technically. Thus professional morality and responsibility should be introduced to
engineering students, and engineering code of ethics needs to be infused to these future
professionals. What is even more vital to establish professional ethics is for the
engineering students to develop their professional integrity, honesty, dignity, self-
discipline, conscientiousness and so on through appropriate academic practice. Whenever
doing research, writing paper or handling other academic tasks, they should stay off
academic misconducts like plagiarism. Adhering to academic honesty means overcoming some
temptations and adopting right attitude and useful skills that are essential to
establishing their professionalism. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that “the
development of ethic professional engineering practice begins with the development of
appropriate academic practice in university engineering education.”
Conclusion
References
Chubin, D.E. et al. (2005). Diversifying the Engineering Workforce. Journal of Engineering
Education Davison, R. and Kock, N. (2004). Professional Ethics [online]. : Association for
Information Systems Available from:
http://www.is.cityu.edu.hk/research/resources/isworld/ethics/index.htm [accessed 2 April
2006].
Didier, C. (1999). Engineering ethics in France: a historical perspective. Technology in
Society.
Ellit, M. (2002). Knowledge is Power. IIE Solutions
Johnston, S. et al. (2000). Practice-focused ethics in Australian engineering education.nal
of Engineering Education.
Robert A.Peterson et al（1997） Exploring the implications of the Internet for Consumer
marketing . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.
Philip Kotler (2006) Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson Prentice Hall.
Prashant Banerjee, Dan Zetu.(2001) Virtual manufacturing. New York ; Chichester : Wiley.
Varey, Richard. Lewis, Barbara R.（2000）Internal marketing : directions of management.
London : Routledge.
Piercy, Nigel.(2002) Market-led strategic change : a guide to transforming the process of
going to market. Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann
Reference的格式
xt reference 还是需要自己完成。另外那个网站只能提供简单格式的reference，复杂的reference还是需要参考英文版文件。
一般来说一份1000字的文章，至少需要8个references，2000字需要12－15个左右，因为国内的英文出版物有限，各位可以到国外大学图书馆的网站上照着相关的书，然后安上去就好了。（关于这个数量问题，根据我的经验，可以不一定严格要求，但不能太少。一般1000字的写4个或5个，2000字的写10个左右。当然如果你本来就有这么多个的话就更好了。我这里说的是最少情况）
再次强调！！！引用他人的任何东西一定要做好references！！！
论文写作要求
格式要求
行距： 1.5倍
页边距： Word 默认
字体： Times New Roman
字体大小：12（小四）
标题字体可加粗
每段落之间空一行
每段直接写，无需空格
在每页的右下角插入页数
写作要求
Abstract （序）；
1－2段；
字数为文章的的10－15％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么abstract一般写200－300字， 除非特殊要求
Abstract的目的就是让读者知道你的在你的文章里写了些什么；
Abstract的开头要用1－2自己的语言总结和解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍
Abstract细节是概括你在你的文章里都写了什么，每个论点就用2－3句话总结；
Abstract的结尾就是写总结和延伸你的所有论点和整个的大标题；
不是每篇作业都要求写abstract，一般情况下都不要求，除非公司特殊写明要写abstract。
Introduction（开头）
l 字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么introduction一般写200－250字
l Introduction只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写
l Introduction的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍
l 接下来的用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景
l Introduction主要是写你将要在你的文章里写些什么，用2－3句话来概括所有In this easy, firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I will…的论点，每个论点用几个词即可，例如：
l 一般来说，公司给的题目都很宽，可以写很多方面，但是你要选其中一点来写，这样文章才能讨论的深入，如果文章写的很笼统的话，肯定会不合格
l Introduction最后不需要总结句
Body（文章的讨论部分，也是文章的主体）
每一个论点都必须用一段来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分；
在body的部分里不能出现I，he，she等人称，除在举例中；
每一段话都有要introduction，explanation，examples。接下来重点讲这4部分如何写；
Introduction：用1－2句写你这段的主要的论点或者是idea；
Explanation：用1－2句解释你的论点；
Examples：举例支持你的论点，这部分要重点写，举例在文章中很重要，举例可以用名人说的话，专业的文章里例子，或者自己的亲身经历。有时公司会要求要用自己的亲身经历作为例子；
Body一般有3－6个论点，如果文章的字数在1000－3000字，所以body就一般有2－6段，每段最好是有联系，层层深入。
Conclusion
字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么conclusion一般写200－250字；
Conclusion只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写；
Conclusion的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍；
Conclusion主要是总结你文章中的论点，每个论点要用一句话；
Conclusion最后一句要延伸一下，但是在conclusion里不能出现新的论点。
Introduction和conclusion的区别
Introduction是讲你在文章里要写什么东西，所以只要用几个词概括你个论点；
Conclusion是用1句话总结你的每个论点，要比introduction详细些；
Introduction需要介绍题目的背景，conclusion责不用，只需要概括总结题目。
Recommendation
Recommendation是写文章标题的缺陷
一般只要写一个论点，提出解决办法，如何消除这个弱点，格式和body段落的要求是一样的：introduction，explanation，example和用一句话做个conclusion
一般都不写recommendation，除非公司特殊要求。
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